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食品微生物 Chapter 9: Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA)
2005-06-01  
My book entitled ’Microbiological Risk Assessment of Food’ hwas published in 2002. It is about 230 pages long and is based on the Codex format of Hazard Identification, Exposure Assessment, Hazard Characterisation and Risk Characterisation.
The book chapters are :  Foodborne microbial pathogens in world trade  Food safety, control and HACCP  Risk analysis  Application of microbiological risk assessment  Future developments in microbiological risk assessment  In addition to working through the 70+ MRA examples below, you can also go to Exercises (Microbiological Risk Assessment) of the Blackwell’s host site to work through an example. 
There is also a Powerpoint presentation I wrote concerning MRA, HACCP and microbial criteria you can view at ’HACCP & microbial safety’.
Meanwhile, below are over 70 MRA sites to visit to keep you busy...!
 
Spreadsheet RA model Ross and Sumner have published two papers in International Journal of Food Microbiology (vol77, 39-53 and vol77, 55-59; 2002) on risk assessment tools. The first paper is on a simple, spreadsheet which can be downloaded (ZIP file based on ExcelTM). It includes two case studies; viruses in oysters and comparison of risk estimate with Cassin et al. (1998; Microbiology of Safe Food p. 349, Microbiological Risk Assessment of Food p.157). 
 
Salmonella FAO-WHO Salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens (ftp site; two WORD files to download) Jan 2003  USA Elimination of S. Enteritidis illness due to eggs  EA eggs (pdf file)  HA broilers & eggs (pdf file)  FSIS eggs and egg products  Denmark, contribution of animal sources  HI & HC Salmonella in broilers & eggs (Fazil et al pdf file.)  EA S. Enteritidis in eggs (Ebel et al pdf file.)  EA Salmonella in broilers (Kelly et al. pdf file)  FSIS Salmonella in shell eggs risk assessment  S. Enteritidis risk assessment model  Global Salmonella surveillance (Global Salm-Surv)  Listeria FSIS draft L. monocytogenes RTE meat & poultry, March 2003  FDA draft L. monocytogenes QMRA  L. monocytogenes (Buchanan & Lindqvist, pdf file)  Second site for FDA draft Listeria monocytogenes QMRA  Preliminary study, health impact  EU 1999 (pdf file)  Campylobacter HA, EA, HC in broiler chickens, FAO-WHO  fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter  Revised Risk Assessment for fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter in chickens  Broilers Denmark QMRA  Fazil chicken study course  Other micro-organisms and foods QMRA - cross-contamination  Risk Assessment for food terrorism and other food safety concerns  E. coli O157 in beef tartare, RIVM, Netherlands  E. coli O157 in beef risk assessment  Draft FSIS E coli O157 Risk Assessment (pdf file)  V. parahaemolyticus - shellfish  HA, EA, HC, for Vibrio spp. in seafoods  EU Norwalk-like viruses (pdf file)  Salads  Lap-mei  Siu-mei and Lo-mei  FAO/WHO Risk Assessment: Food Bioterrorism and other food safety concerns  JEFRA homepage  Principles and guidelines for incorporating MRA in the development of food safety standards, guidelines and related texts; Joint FAO/WHO March 2002 (pdf file)  Codex Principles for MRA (pdf file)  WHO Background paper  JEMRA (pdf file)  WHO Microbiological Risk Analysis  FAO/WHO (pdf)  CCFH response to Codex  Joint FAO & WHO (1999) Consultation report  FAO/WHO HC food and water (pdf)  Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives  antimicrobial agents, new animal drugs  Abridged FOA MRA explanation page  JEMRA food and water (pdf file)  FAO/WHO food and water  FAO/WHO assessors and managers  Risk Analysis, Geneva 1995  Risk Management & Food Safety, Rome 1997  Risk Communication, Rome,1998  Risk Assessment, Geneva, 1999 (pdf file)  Risk Management 2000  General - Food Control  L. monocytogenes (Buchanan & Lindqvist, pdf file)  HI & HC Salmonella in broilers & eggs (Fazil et al pdf file.)  EA S. Enteritidis in eggs (Ebel et al pdf file.)  EA Salmonella in broilers (Kelly et al. pdf file)  Hazard characterization for pathogens in food and water  Assesors & managers of microbiological hazards  WHO antimicrobial resistance  WHO index  WHO microbiological risk assessment  EU Risk assessment of food borne bacterial pathogens: Quantitative methodolgy relevant for human exposure assessment (Final report 2003, pdf format)  Codex 2000, Risk Analysis  EU MRA & 93/43/EEC  EU harmonisation  Quantitiative methodology - preliminary report (pdf)  General food & water Hazard Characterization of pathogens in food and water: Guidleines. JEFRA 2003  1996 Summary paper by Society for Risk Analysis  Dept. of Health (UK) Advisory Committee on dangerous pathogens  HACCP & MRA  ILSI principles (1998)  ILSI principles (2000; pdf file)  International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI)  Food Safety Risk Analysis Clearinghouse  Risk assessment tools  Risk assessment frameworks  RiskWorld  Society for Risk Analysis  USDA Risk analysis bibliography  Online training courses and model explanations Risk Analysis Background from FSIS  WHO  FSIS E. coli O157:H7  Poultry FARM (Oscar)  FAO/WHO initiative on Microbial risk assessment 
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